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Saturday, June 28, 2003
Theorems in Wheat Fields
Retired astronomer Gerald S. Hawkins' first encounter with crop circles had occurred early in 1990. Famous for his investigations of Stonehenge as an early astronomical observatory, he responded to suggestions by colleagues that he look into crop circles, which were defacing fields suspiciously close to Stonehenge.
Hawkins found the crop formations sufficiently intriguing to begin a systematic study of their geometry. Using data from published ground surveys and aerial photographs, he painstakingly measured the dimensions and calculated the ratios of the diameters and other key features in 18 patterns that included more than one circle or ring.
In 11 of those structures, Hawkins found ratios of small whole numbers that precisely matched the ratios defining the diatonic scale. These ratios produce the eight notes of an octave in the musical scale corresponding to the white keys on a piano.
The existence of these ratios prompted Hawkins to begin looking for geometric relationships among the circles, rings, and lines of several particularly distinctive patterns that had been recorded in the fields. Their creation had to involve more than blind luck, he concluded.
Hawkins approached the problem experimentally by sketching diagrams and looking for hints of geometric relationships. He found that he could draw three straight lines, or tangents, that each touched all three circles. Measurements revealed that the ratio of the diameter of a large circle—drawn so that it passes through the centers of the three original circles—to the diameter of one of the original circles is close to 4:3.
Was there an underlying geometric theorem proving that a 4:3 ratio had to arise in such a configuration of circles? Armed with his measurements and statistical analyses, Hawkins began pondering the arrangement. After several weeks, he had his proof.
Over the next few months, Hawkins discovered three more geometric theorems, all involving diatonic ratios arising from the ratios of areas of circles, among various crop-circle patterns. In one case, for example, an equilateral triangle fitted snugly between an outer and inner circle, with the area of the outer circle precisely four times that of the inner circle.
*Theorem II: For an equilateral triangle, the ratio of the areas of the circumscribed (outer) and inscribed (inner) circles is 4:1. The area of the ring between the circles is 3 times the area of the inscribed circle.
*Theorem III: For a square, the ratio of the areas of the circumscribed and inscribed circles is 2:1. If a second square is inscribed within the inscribed circle of the first, and so on to the mth square, then the ratio of the areas of the original circumscribed circle and the innermost circle is 2m:1.
*Theorem IV: For a regular hexagon, the ratio of the areas of the outer circle and the inscribed circle is 4:3.
There was more. Hawkins came to realize that his four original theorems, derived from crop-circle patterns, were really special cases of a single, more general theorem. "I found the underlying principles—a common thread—that applied to everything, which led me to the fifth theorem," he said. The theorem involves concentric circles that touch the sides of a triangle, and as the triangle changes shape, it generates the special crop-circle patterns.
Hawkins' fifth crop-circle theorem involves a triangle and various concentric circles touching the triangle's sides and corners. Different triangles give different sets of circles. An equilateral triangle produces one of the observed crop-circle patterns; three isosceles triangles generate the other crop-circle geometries
Remarkably, Hawkins could find none of these theorems in the works of Euclid, the ancient Greek geometer who had established the basic techniques and rules for what is known as Euclidean geometry. Hawkins was also surprised at his failure to find the crop-circle theorems in any of the mathematics textbooks and references, ancient and modern, that he consulted.
The (creators of the crop circles) apparently had the requisite knowledge not only to prove a Euclidean theorem but also to conceive of an original theorem in the first place—a far more challenging task. To show how difficult such a task can be, Hawkins often playfully refused to divulge his fifth theorem, inviting anyone interested to come up with the theorem itself before trying to prove it. In an article published in The Mathematics Teacher, he challenged readers to come up with his unpublished theorem, given only the four variations. No one reported success.
What Hawkins had obtained was a kind of intellectual fingerprint of the (creators of the crop circles) involved in creating these particular crop-circle patterns. "One has to admire this sort of mind, let alone how it's done or why it's done," he remarked. Curiously, in 1996, the crop-circle makers showed knowledge of Hawkins' fifth theorem by laying down a new pattern that satisfied its geometric constraints.
Perhaps Euclid's ghost is stalking the English countryside by night, leaving its distinctive mark wherever it happens to alight.
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Friday, June 27, 2003
Indiana University to house center for study of extraterrestrial life
BLOOMINGTON - Indiana University will soon house a NASA research institute investigating life on Mars, school officials announced Wednesday.
The Bloomington campus will be home to one of 16 teams selected this year to be part of NASA's Astrobiology Institute. NASA will provide $5 million in funding over five years to the IU center.
The Bloomington-based center involves 18 scientists from eight research institutions and is known as the Indiana-Princeton-Tennessee Astrobiology Institute.
The center will be directed by IU biogeochemist Lisa Pratt. Researchers will conduct field and laboratory experiments as well as study biological samples taken from deep inside mines to determine the best way of searching for life on Mars.
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Thursday, June 26, 2003
Milk Hill, Alton Barnes - Crop Circle
Milk Hill, Alton Barnes - UK - 15th June 2003 -A complex design of crescents based upon eight-fold geometry
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Avebury Trusloe/Windmill Hill - Crop Circle
Avebury Trusloe/Windmill Hill - UK - 7th June 2003 - A large 'knot' type design based on 4 and 12 fold geometry. It also has 12 small inner grapeshot circles and 12 outer ones. Between the A4 and Windmill Hill.
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Rovigo - Italy - Crop Circles
Rovigo - Italy - 6th Jun 2003 - A circle with a ring around it, with three small grapeshot circles positioned triangularly around the ring.
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Elaine's UFO story
"We were on our yacht, moored at the marina near Burnett Heads.
"It was about mid morning last year, during winter. The TAFE training vessel was out on the water with a lot of people on it. They were obviously doing a practise run on how to jump into a life raft; about six at a time were jumping in at a time.
"So I was taking photos thinking this was an interesting exercise that you don't see often. My husband and I probably took five photos or so over an hour during their training.
"When we got the photos back one had a round thing in the picture that we couldn't explain!
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Strange Object in the Sky Above Fermii II Nuclear Plant
“I was out with the family on a Sunday drive to Lake Erie. We wanted to find a cottage I used to go to as a child. It turned out to be right across a bay from the Fermi II nuclear power plant. We took 3 pictures of the plant with our digital camera. When we got home and downloaded the pictures, we found a weird anomaly in the 3rd picture. We didn't see anything unusual when we took the picture. We've taken over 1000 pictures with this camera and nothing unusual except this picture. Seems kind of weird that it just happens to be above a nuclear power plant. He asks me in a subsequent e-mail, “Have you ever heard of anything like this?
“The object appears decidedly oval in shape, brightly reflective, and seems (this is the most curious part) to have the suggestion, at each end of the oval, of curved lines resembling magnetic-field "flux" lines of the sort that you may have seen in pictures of bar magnets. Why, or from precisely what effects, such lines seem to have appeared in the visible spectrum, is a bit puzzling, but there they are. Also there seems to be a sort of gaseous "puff" near the object and another a short distance away, though all in all the object does not appear in any way to be the effect of any effluence from the nuclear stack itself. The apparent "magnetic flux" lines do bring to mind the now long-standing notion that some UFOs may well have some sort of magnetic-field propulsion principle that drives them.”
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Tuesday, June 24, 2003
Alternate Realities Conference
While driving with six co-workers in the White Mountains of Arizona on Nov. 5, 1975, logger Travis Walton recklessly left his truck to take a closer look at a glowing, disc-shaped object hovering above the tree line. His co-workers watched terrified as the object immobilized him with a blue beam of light.
The men drove off in a panic, returning minutes later only to find Walton gone. He reappeared on a country road five days later, disoriented and telling a story of alien abduction that ranks as a major classic of UFO lore. He told of being taken inside a craft that parked inside a giant "mother ship," encountering big-headed aliens and human-looking beings.
Walton's companions were first accused of murder, and then when he showed up, they all were widely accused of perpetrating a hoax. However, a total of 13 polygraph examinations were made of all those in connection with the case, 11 of which passed.
Walton will be the keynote speaker at the June 2003 "Alternate Realities Conference", held June 27-29 in Elizabethton and Roan Mountain, Tenn. Still in the logging business in Arizona as a company supervisor, he occasionally travels to UFO conferences to tell his story.
The main event will be presented at the Roan Mountain Conference Center on Saturday, June 28, and is open to everyone, although seating is limited. The ARC 2003 website offers full details about conference events, registration and admission, travel arrangements, camping and other accommodations, along with links on other interesting attractions located at scenic Roan Mountain State Park.
Among the speakers to be introduced by this year's Master of Ceremonies Michael W. Combs are:
-Michael McDonnough, with a talk on "Advanced Alien Technologies"
-Adam Sorg on "orbs" and "spook lights"
-Jeffrey Morgan Foss on his "Life-Long Contact Experiences with Extraterrestrials"
-Constance Clear on "Seven Incredible True Stories of Alien Abduction"
-Earle Benezet on "UFOs ~ Past, Present, and Future."
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Monday, June 23, 2003
Sverdlovsk Region Haunted by Green UFO
Yekaterinburg / Pervouralsk - Russia - The observation of the phenomenon was rather unique, as the object was filmed by several cameramen from all the sides
On the night of June 20, citizens of the Russian cities of Yekaterinburg and Pervouralsk observed an unidentified flying object high in the skies. Witnesses describe the phenomenon as something resembling a bright beautiful comet.
The strange object was moving underneath clouds. The UFO brightly lit the night sky and disappeared. However, many of the witnesses managed to take pictures of the phenomenon and filmed it.
For the time being, neither local astronomers nor emergency situation services have commented upon the phenomenon. It is not clear what effect the flying object exerted upon the witnesses. According to UralPolit.ru, the Air Defense hasn't issued any comments upon the event yet.
In fact, the observation of the phenomenon was rather unique, as the object was filmed by several cameramen from all the sides.
A green UFO has been observed in the skies over Yekaterinburg for about two years. People from the Turinsky district (Yekaterinburg region) have an opportunity to observe a green spherical luminous object flying in the sky every evening.
An eye-witness, journalist from the local newspaper Izvestia Tur Raisa Tomilova says that the local UFO is a small green object of a bulb size. The object can be seen only at night in any season. The locals have already got used to the phenomenon over the past two years.
The green object moves along the same trajectory: it emerges in the sky right above the local match-making factory, then it slowly moves along the Tura River towards the pulp and paper plant, turns toward a railway bridge and withdraws to the city of Tavda.
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